THE USE OF POLYTHENE BAGS: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND THE ROLE OF SOCIAL AWARENESS IN SHAPING PUBLIC BEHAVIOR

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to (1) assess the environmental impacts of polythene bags, including land, water, and air pollution, drainage blockages, littering, and harm to animals, and (2) to evaluate the influence of social awareness factors (general environmental awareness, literacy, civic responsibility, and media exposure) on public attitudes and behaviors toward polythene bag usage in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 350 participants, including common citizens, housewives, and Rawalpindi Development Authority (RDA) employees, selected through random sampling from urban and semi-urban areas. Data were collected using a 29-item structured questionnaire namely as “Effect of Polythene on Environment questionnaires” covering 11 domains, including land pollution, water pollution, littering, damage to animals, and social awareness. Responses were measured on a 5-point Likert scale, analyzed using descriptive statistics, crosstabulation in SPSS. Results: Findings revealed strong consensus across stakeholders that polythene bags contribute to land pollution (100% agreement among common citizens), water pollution, drainage blockages (95–100% agreement), air pollution from burning (80–95% agreement), and harm to aquatic life (70–100% agreement). Awareness of biodegradable alternatives was low, particularly among housewives (80% agreement on lack of awareness). Literacy was strongly linked to improper disposal by common citizens (90% agreement), but less so by RDA employees (35% disagreement). Civic sense varied, with common citizens showing higher environmental consciousness (60% disagreement on viewing polythene as non-harmful) compared to housewives (90% agreement) and RDA employees (80% agreement). Conclusion: The study confirms polythene bags’ significant environmental impacts and highlights gaps in public awareness and civic engagement. While awareness of environmental harm is widespread, knowledge of biodegradable alternatives and consistent pro-environmental behavior remain limited. Multidimensional interventions, including stricter regulations, enhanced environmental education, and media-driven campaigns, are recommended to reduce polythene usage. Future research should adopt longitudinal designs and include diverse stakeholders to address systemic barriers and promote sustainable practices.