CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER SCARCITY: ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION STRATEGIES IN PAKISTAN

Abstract

Climate change and water scarcity are interlinked and pose serious challenges to countries worldwide, especially developing nations like Pakistan. This study critically examines the climate–water nexus in Pakistan through a qualitative methodology combining stakeholder interviews, policy document analysis, and thematic content analysis, grounded in empirical evidence and national-level data. The research identifies systemic gaps in institutional coordination and resource management. It also examines the main impacts of climate change and water scarcity in Pakistan, emphasizes the importance of international cooperation, and explores effective strategies for addressing the challenges to adaptation and mitigation. Findings reveal intensifying climate variability, accelerated glacial melt, declining river flows, and severe groundwater depletion, especially in Balochistan, Tharparkar, and southern Punjab. Despite the policies like National Water Policy (2018) and Climate Change Policy (2021), governance fragmentation, inefficient irrigation, and policy inertia persist. This paper offers practical, evidence-based reforms, including climate-adaptive agriculture, equitable water pricing, decentralized governance, and integrated planning. By combining empirical depth with policy critique and actionable recommendations, the study contributes novel insights into Pakistan’s climate–water crisis and presents a strategic framework for a resilient and sustainable future.