SUFISM AND STATECRAFT: REASSESSING SPIRITUAL–POLITICAL POWER IN MUGHAL NORTH INDIA

Abstract

The Mughal period in North India (16th–18th centuries) was marked by a complex interplay of spiritual and temporal power, with Sufism and the imperial state maintaining a symbiotic relationship. Sufis, as spiritual leaders, commanded maximum social prestige and were central to medieval Hindustan's cultural and religious life. The Mughal rulers thus gained legitimacy and moral authority from their connection with Sufi orders, especially the Chishtis, Naqshbandis, Qadiris, and Suhrawardis. This dynamic aspect was more emphasized during Akbar's reign from 1556 to 1605, wherein due respect for the Chishti saint Sheikh Salim Chishti showed the meeting of spiritual dominance with political power. Akbar's strategic policy of Sulh-i-Kul, or universal peace, showed Sufi ideals of tolerance and inclusivity, binding imperial authority over a diverse population