EXPLORING THE SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH PROBLEMS FACED BY FEMALE PRISONERS IN PUNJAB

Abstract

Female prisoners represent one of the most vulnerable and marginalized groups within correctional institutions due to their gender-specific social, psychological and physical needs. Despite growing international emphasis on gender-responsive prison reforms, limited research has examined the lived experiences of incarcerated women in Pakistan. This qualitative study explores the socio-psychological and physical health challenges faced by female prisoners in selected prisons of Punjab and examines institutional factors influencing their wellbeing. Primary data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 20 female prisoners and 10 prison officials from Central Jail Lahore, Women Jail Multan and District Jail Faisalabad. Secondary data included peer-reviewed literature, government reports, prison regulations and policy documents. Thematic analysis revealed that female prisoners experience depression, anxiety, emotional distress, family separation, social stigma, overcrowding, inadequate healthcare, limited reproductive and maternal health services, delayed judicial processes, insufficient psychological support and restricted rehabilitation opportunities. These interconnected challenges negatively affect their physical health, mental wellbeing, dignity and prospects for successful reintegration into society. The study identifies significant institutional gaps in delivering gender-responsive correctional services and concludes that comprehensive prison reforms are essential. Strengthening healthcare and mental health services, improving prison infrastructure, reducing overcrowding, ensuring timely access to justice and expanding rehabilitation programs are critical for protecting prisoners’ rights and promoting their successful social reintegration in Pakistan.