INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF ECONOMICS OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY FOR EMPLOYABILITY IN PAKISTAN: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

Abstract

English language proficiency has emerged as a vital component of human capital that enhances employability, labour market competitiveness, and economic productivity in an increasingly globalised economy. In Pakistan, English serves as the primary language of higher education, professional communication, and international business, making it a critical factor influencing graduate employability and career advancement. Despite its recognised importance, evidence on the economic returns of English language proficiency remains fragmented across the fields of education, labour economics, linguistics, and public policy. This study systematically reviews the existing literature to synthesise evidence on the relationship between English language proficiency and employability in Pakistan. The review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020) guidelines. A comprehensive search identified 1,262 records, of which 15 studies met the predefined inclusion criteria and were included in the final qualitative synthesis. The findings reveal that English language proficiency significantly improves employment opportunities, earning potential, occupational mobility, and access to competitive labour markets. Furthermore, employers consistently regard English communication skills as a key competency for recruitment and career progression. However, persistent inequalities in access to quality English language education across public and private institutions, urban and rural regions, and socioeconomic groups continue to limit equitable employability outcomes. The review also identifies important gaps in the existing literature, particularly the limited availability of longitudinal and nationally representative empirical studies within the Pakistani context. The study concludes by recommending reforms in English language education and policy to strengthen graduate employability, reduce educational inequalities, and better align workforce skills with the evolving demands of the labour market, thereby contributing to sustainable economic development in Pakistan.