ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, DIGITAL SOVEREIGNTY, AND CYBER DIPLOMACY: PAKISTAN'S STRATEGIC POSITION IN THE EMERGING GLOBAL DIGITAL ORDER

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming a strategic resource with implications for technological sovereignty, cybersecurity, diplomacy, and national autonomy. This study examines the relationships among AI capability, digital sovereignty, foreign technological dependence, cyber-diplomatic capacity, and Pakistan's strategic position in the emerging global digital order. Grounded in Resource Dependence Theory (RDT), the study conceptualizes AI capability as a strategic resource that can strengthen digital sovereignty and cyber-diplomatic capacity, while foreign technological dependence may constrain these effects. A quantitative, cross-sectional explanatory design was proposed using a structured five-point Likert-scale questionnaire administered purposively to professionals and experts in AI, cybersecurity, digital governance, information technology, technology policy, and international relations in Pakistan. PLS-SEM was selected to assess direct, mediation, and moderation relationships. The conceptual model proposes that AI capability strengthens digital sovereignty, which enhances cyber-diplomatic capacity and strategic position, while foreign technological dependence weakens the AI capability–digital sovereignty relationship. The study highlights the need to strengthen domestic AI capabilities, diversify technology partnerships, improve cybersecurity and data governance, and enhance Pakistan's participation in international AI and cyber governance.