GEOPOLITICAL COMPETITION IN THE INDIAN OCEAN: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR PAKISTAN'S MARITIME SECURITY (2021-2026)

Abstract

The Indian Ocean has emerged as a major arena of geopolitical competition due to its strategic sea lanes, abundant resources, and growing significance in global trade. This study examines the implications of regional and extra-regional rivalries for Pakistan's maritime security between 2021 and 2026. Pakistan's geostrategic location and dependence on maritime trade make the security of the Indian Ocean vital to its economic and national interests. The increasing presence of major powers, intensifying India-China competition, and evolving non-traditional security threats have created both challenges and opportunities for Pakistan's maritime sector. Using a qualitative, document-based approach, the study analyzes the impact of these geopolitical developments on Pakistan's maritime security and explores policy options for strengthening maritime governance, naval capabilities, and regional cooperation. The study concludes that effective maritime policies are essential for safeguarding Pakistan's strategic and economic interests in the Indian Ocean.